USAPA’s argument would allow a union to punish any disfavored minority by pointing to the majority preference in the union as long as that majority threatens to obstruct the collective bargaining process, in this case by hijacking contract ratification. Discrimination and bad faith would be permitted as long as a zealous majority of union members insisted. Majority will alone does not corrupt union action. See Rakestraw, 981 F.2d at 1533 (“If the union’s leaders took account of the fact that the workers at the larger firm preferred this outcome, so what? Majority rule is the norm.â€). It does not exculpate all union action, either. The union’s obligation to federal labor law includes an obligation to stand up to its membership. USAPA argues that ALPA’s merger policy only requires the union to use “all reasonable means†to implement the Nicolau Award, but this phrase is quoted out of context. The policy requires the union to use “all reasonable means . . . to compel the company to accept and implement the merged seniority list.†[MP Pt. 1.I.1.] It does not allow the union to capitulate to an abusive majority.12
This principle goes to the core of union politics and bargaining assumptions. A union is required to explain agreements to union members prior to a mandatory ratification vote. White v. White Rose Food, a Div. of DiGiorgio Corp., 237 F.3d 174, 183 (2d Cir. 2001). Before and after its election, USAPA has misled the majority about its power to improve their seniority prospects at the expense of the West Pilots. The will of the East Pilots springs from a mistaken understanding of the law and mismanaged expectations. If this is an impasse, it is one USAPA goaded on. If the membership were correctly advised on the limits of fair representation that constrain the agreement—and all the collective bargaining of every union— then they would perceive no incentive to hold out for an improper bargaining objective. Those employees would be left with a choice: To vote in favor of ratifying a single CBA that incorporated the Nicolau Award, or to vote against it. What they could not do is vote against it and expect the next CBA or the next union to violate the duty of fair representation in the very same way as the first one could not. In effect, USAPA claims that the East Pilots hold such strong objections to the Nicolau Award that they always will vote as a bloc against any new CBA with it, enjoying the self-denial of a single CBA with improved wages and working conditions into perpetuity. Even if this unbelievable story is believed, it only means that the East Pilots have the power of self-inflicted harm. It does not mean that the union’s duty of fair representation falls victim to self-hostagetaking. Whether considered as a matter of fact or law, the asserted impasse does not absolve USAPA from liability.
12 As a historical matter, the duty of fair representation could not have developed if this impasse theory were valid. Surely, in those early cases, unions that discriminated against black workers were catering to a stubborn racism of the majority. The duty would mean nothing if a majority could undo it by force of stubbornness.