Extortion (also called
shakedown,
outwresting, and
exaction) is a
criminal offense of obtaining money, property, or services from a person, entity, or institution, through
coercion. Refraining from doing harm is sometimes
euphemistically called
protection. Extortion is commonly practiced by
organized crime groups. The actual obtainment of money or property is not required to commit the offense. Making a
threat of
violence which refers to a requirement of a payment of money or property to halt future violence is sufficient to commit the offense. Exaction refers not only to extortion or the unlawful demanding and obtaining of something through force,[sup]
[1][/sup] but additionally, in its formal definition, means the infliction of something such as
pain and suffering or making somebody endure something unpleasant.[sup]
[2][/sup]
Extortion is distinguished from
robbery. In robbery, whether armed or not, the offender takes property from the victim by the immediate use of force or fear that force will be immediately used (as in the classic line, "Your money or your life.") Extortion, which is not limited to the taking of property, involves the verbal or written
instillation of fear that something will happen to the victim if he or she does not comply with the extortionist's will. Another key distinction is that extortion always involves a verbal or written threat, whereas robbery does not. In
United States federal law, extortion can be committed with or without the use of force and with or without the use of a weapon.
In
Blackmail, which always involves extortion, the extortionist threatens to reveal information about a victim or his family members that is potentially embarrassing, socially damaging, or incriminating unless a demand for money, property, or services is met.
The term
extortion is often used euphemistically to refer to
usury or to
price-gouging, though neither is legally considered extortion. It is also often used loosely to refer to everyday situations where one person feels indebted against their will, to another, in order to receive an essential service or avoid legal consequences.
Neither extortion nor
blackmail require a threat of a criminal act, such as violence, merely a threat used to elicit actions, money, or property from the object of the extortion. Such threats include the filing of reports (true or not) of criminal behavior to the police, revelation of damaging facts (such as pictures of the object of the extortion in a compromising position), etc.