11/27/2002 - Updated 12:02 AM ET
United's struggles may reshape airline industry
By Dan Reed, USA TODAY
By Gary C. Caskey, Reuters
United Airlines is struggling to cut costs and avoid bankruptcy.
Vote could plot path of United's future
Money front page
United Airlines (UAL), struggling to slash costs and right itself financially, is poised to send big changes reverberating through the distressed airline industry.
The world's second-largest airline has been developing a restructuring plan to help secure a $1.8 billion government-guaranteed loan. Without the guarantee, Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization seems inevitable.
Either way, the airline must cut costs. And either way, its cost-cutting is going to affect its rivals.
Companies facing bankruptcy or restructuring rarely have the kind of potential United has to affect their industries, or consumers for that matter.
Kmart's walk through Chapter 11 involves one of the largest debtor-in-possession financing packages in history but is having little impact on rivals such as Wal-Mart and Target, says Alan Gover, a corporate restructuring attorney in the Houston office of Dewey Ballantine. Enron, for all its scandal-fed fascination, has become just a simple liquidation.
But United's financial makeover could help reshape nearly an entire industry, Gover says.
That's because United's competitors won't be able to ignore any cost advantages United gains through restructuring. Airlines can't charge higher prices than their competitors, because price is king to travelers. Any savings that United can squeeze out of its lenders, vendors and labor groups are certain to be copied.
Rather than worrying that a bankrupt United will drag them down too, its rivals are hoping the airline will go through a restructuring so radical that it will help them wrest concessions from their own workers, suppliers and financial backers. Some have been lobbying the government to turn down the loan guarantee, likely forcing the bankruptcy.
Don Carty, chairman of rival American Airlines (AMR), whose cost problem is only marginally less serious than United's, predicts that United will set the table for other carriers to cut their costs dramatically.
Executives at other conventional airlines — those that existed before deregulation and which operate large, costly domestic and foreign route networks — haven't been quite so blunt. But they agree. Delta (DAL) spokesman John Kennedy concedes the obvious: If United comes up with big cost savings, Delta will find ways to reduce its costs to compete effectively.
Even lean, unconventional Southwest (LUV), the industry's low-cost icon, could be affected if United gets the huge concessions that most analysts and rivals say it really needs.
Big labor concessions at United would turn down the cost pressure considerably all around the industry, including here, where we've not been immune to the trend of rising labor costs, says Southwest CEO Jim Parker.
More cuts to come
If United and other conventional carriers succeed in narrowing their cost gap with Southwest, collectively estimated to be about $18 billion a year, the Dallas-based discounter will be forced to find ways to lower its costs even further. Maintaining our significant cost advantage is one of the keys to Southwest Airlines remaining on top, Parker says.
Most of the change in the industry is likely to come on the cost side. There's general agreement that the conventional carriers' complex pricing system is out of whack, but there's no obvious way to fix it. And there's a growing consensus that the boom days of the late 1990s won't be back anytime soon, if ever.
But Tom Plaskett, who ran Pan Am and Continental (CAL) in the 1980s when they were in or just emerging from bankruptcy reorganization, cautions against assuming that employees will provide all the cuts.
It's not just labor costs that will be lower, he says. Other stakeholders — lenders, aircraft lessors, vendors, Boeing, Airbus — all will have to take haircuts.
Since the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, conventional airlines have implemented or announced cost cuts worth at least $5 billion and perhaps as much as $12 billion. They've cut flights, planes, workers, advertising and sales commissions. They've taken more food off planes, put more automation into airports and placed more emphasis on low-cost Internet ticket sales. They've tightened checked bag limits and ticketing change fees. Weak routes have been dropped, and service has been reduced even on popular ones.
As painful as those cuts have been — more than 50,000 people have lost their jobs — they're just the low-hanging fruit. Executives at the big carriers know they need to make deeper cuts, and they admit they've not figured out how to do it. American says it will have to trim $4 billion in the next five years but has identified just $2 billion so far. Delta has cut $1 billion and plans to trim an additional $2.5 billion in the next three years, but it has not determined how.
Where to slice
Some of those cuts will come from further capacity reductions and shifting service from high-cost mainline carriers to lower-cost affiliate airlines. Other savings are likely to come from eliminating more amenities and services, both in-flight and on the ground.
And there are three areas of potential savings in which analysts and industry executives expect United to be the uncomfortable trailblazer.
Reducing fleet ownership costs. Sources close to the talks say United is pressing to renegotiate about $7 billion worth of aircraft leases to drum up as much as $150 million in cash now, and stretch out and lower monthly payments. The lessors might have little choice. If it enters Chapter 11, United would be able to simply return airplanes without penalty if it doesn't get more advantageous terms from its lessors.
Rival airlines are rooting for United to be radically aggressive in restructuring its loans, leases and capital structure. Their reasoning: The more concessions United gets, the better their odds of winning similar deals from their lenders and lessors, many of whom are the same.
Lowering the cost of services and supplies bought from third parties. Since the terrorist attacks, most airlines have renegotiated supplier contracts or shifted business to lower-cost providers. But bankruptcy, or even the threat of it, gives a company the opportunity to go back for more, Gover says. And, again, any victories by United in that arena will open the door for rivals to seek similar savings.
Ratcheting down labor costs through wage reductions, productivity increases or both. Labor is every airline's biggest expense. It also has been the second-fastest growing cost for 20 years, up, on average, nearly 110% for the largest carriers. Only the costs associated with acquiring a fleet of planes have grown more in the same time, up 157%.
Airline labor costs always have been, and likely always will be, high compared with other industries. Pilots and mechanics are nearly impossible to replace. Pilots and flight attendants work fewer hours than most other workers.
But analysts say that in the past few years, the industry, led by United, has allowed the cost pendulum to swing too far in labor's favor. When United pilots' work slowdown in the summer of 2000 succeeded in landing them the biggest one-time raise in industry history — 28% immediately — Delta pilots pushed for and got new wage rates that slightly topped United's. Continental's pilots, who still trail the pack thanks to their employer's bankruptcies in the '80s and '90s, also made big gains in their latest contract. American's pilots, now in contract talks, want to close their gap vs. United pilots. Even Southwest's pilots got their biggest compensation boost ever this fall.
The pattern extends to other unions. Northwest's mechanics, American's flight attendants, ground workers and mechanics, and Southwest's flight attendants and ground workers all have scored big wins in contracts signed since United's pilot contract two years ago.
In many ways, United caused the industry's problem with costs, says consultant Jon Ash of Global Aviation Associates in Washington. Now, it looks like it's going to be up to United to start solving it.
While that process has begun, competitors say United hasn't yet sought big enough cuts from its workers.
So far, it has lined up $5.2 billion in labor cost savings over 5 1/2 years. More than 35,000 mechanics, agents and airport ground workers represented by the International Association of Machinists vote today on their $1.5 billion share of those cuts.
United hopes those savings, along with more than $7 billion in other cost cuts and projected $1.4 billion in annual revenue enhancements, all over 5 1/2 to 6 years, will secure approval of its application with the Air Transportation Stabilization Board for the federal loan guarantee.
Even if those concessions take effect, United's pilots' wage rates will remain 2% higher than American's, notes Carty, whose contract talks with his own pilots have gone nowhere for 16 months.
UBS Warburg analyst Sam Buttrick says most United cuts are reductions of future spending increases. The reality is not what you save, but what you spend, he says. And with its proposed labor savings, United will still be spending more in the future.
United CFO Jake Brace, who has played a central role in assembling the package of cost cuts designed to win the federal loan guarantee, says critics of United's plan aren't working with all the numbers.
We're the folks who have all the detailed information on our financial situation, he says. People who are not inside the company do not. We appreciate all the free advice we're getting. But fundamentally, we know our financial situation, and we have put forth a plan that meets the criteria of the loan board.
Even if United snares the loan guarantee, implements all the proposed cost cuts, and avoids bankruptcy, critics such as Carty say it will need even bigger concessions from labor, lenders and suppliers to truly resolve its cost problems.
I don't see that as a threat, Carty says. I see that as an opportunity for the industry to get at some of these cost issues.